The results were striking. The monarchs exposed to the fungus through nectar and soil exhibited similar symptoms to those found in the wild: lethargy, disorientation, and impaired flight. Moreover, the fungus had colonized their bodies, producing structures that allowed it to survive and spread.
: Modern ethology evaluates behavior through four levels of analysis: Causation (mechanism), Ontogeny (development), Phylogeny (evolution), and Function (survival value). The results were striking
Ethology—the study of animal behavior under natural conditions—provides the biological foundation for veterinary behavioral medicine. Every species has an "evolutionary blueprint" that dictates how they perceive the world. and impaired flight. Moreover