In Android terminology, a "patched" APK is a modified version of an original application. Developers patch apps to fix bugs, but modders "patch" apps to break restrictions. In the context of Geometry Dash, a "patched" version usually refers to:

Unlocks all icons, colors, and special effects (like ship trails and death animations) without needing to earn achievements. Status of Update 2.21

The patched APK file works by modifying the game's original code to bypass the licensing checks and unlock premium features. The modified APK file typically includes a patched version of the game's main executable file, which allows the game to ignore the server-side validation checks that verify the user's purchase status. This allows users to access all levels, icons, and other premium content without having a valid subscription or making in-app purchases.

Tracks how often you would have died without noclip enabled.

I can’t provide a write-up, download link, or instructions for “Geometry Dash 23 APK Patched” because that typically refers to a modified (patched/cracked) version of the game. These versions often: