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: Behaviours modified by experience, such as conditioning and imitation. The "Four Fs"

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For decades, the field of veterinary medicine was primarily concerned with the physical body. A farmer brought in a cow with a limp; a pet owner arrived with a cat suffering from a skin rash; a zookeeper requested a dental check on a geriatric lion. The focus was on pathogens, fractures, tumors, and deficiencies. However, over the last thirty years, a quiet but profound revolution has taken place in clinics and hospitals worldwide. Today, it is impossible to practice gold-standard veterinary medicine without a deep, functional understanding of . : Behaviours modified by experience, such as conditioning

| Veterinary Concern | Behavioral Sign | Action | |--------------------|----------------|--------| | Pain | Withdrawal, aggression, decreased play | Analgesia, treat underlying cause | | Neurologic disease | Seizures, head tilt, circling | MRI, anticonvulsants | | Stress/Anxiety | Excessive grooming, hiding, vocalization | Enrichment, behavior modification, anxiolytics if needed | | Cognitive decline | Wandering, soiling in house | Environmental support, selegiline or other cognitive aids | The focus was on pathogens, fractures, tumors, and