Mathematics for the Nonmathematician (1967) by Morris Kline is a comprehensive, 600+ page text exploring the cultural and historical significance of mathematics for laymen. Often reprinted by Dover, the book utilizes a historical approach to cover topics ranging from ancient geometry to calculus. Access the book through digital lending services at Internet Archive Dover Publications | Dover Books Mathematics for the Nonmathematician - Dover Publications
Concepts are introduced alongside the real-world problems they were meant to solve, from ancient Greek philosophy to Renaissance art. Mathematics for the Nonmathematician (1967) by Morris Kline