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The scholar argues that the "spirit of Islam" had not fully permeated the new ruling class. The old tribal rivalries (Asabiyyah) and the desire for worldly gain overtook the egalitarian spirit of the early Medinan state. Nadwi notes that the Companions (Sahaba) who remembered the Prophet’s era were dwindling in number, and the new generation was more susceptible to the allure of monarchy.

Islam's Political Order: The Model, Deviations and Muslim Response , translated by Tarik Jan. Online Reading & Downloads: Khilafat O Malookiat English Pdf Download

Maududi’s primary objective was to examine how the democratic and consultative spirit of the early Islamic state was gradually replaced by autocratic rule. He argues that the first four Caliphs—Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali—upheld the Quranic principle of Shura (consultation) and lived as "first among equals." The scholar argues that the "spirit of Islam"

Nadwi’s central argument is that the shift from Caliphate to Kingship was not merely a political regression but a pragmatic necessity driven by the rapid expansion of the Muslim empire. The book posits that the purity and high moral standard of the Khilafat-e-Rashida were unique to the Companions of the Prophet. As the empire expanded into Persia and Rome, absorbing different cultures, the rigid democracy of the early Medinan state became difficult to maintain. Islam's Political Order: The Model, Deviations and Muslim